Linux – Page 10 – Margus Roo

numpy.diag

Posted on June 19, 2012 - June 19, 2012 by margusja

numpy.diag(v, k=0)

Leiab masiivist diagonaalväärtused

>>> x = np.arange(9).reshape((3,3)) >>> x array([[0, 1, 2], [3, 4, 5], [6, 7, 8]]) >>> diag(x) array([0, 4, 8])


>>> x = arange(25).reshape((5,5))

>>> x

array([[ 0,  1,  2,  3,  4],

       [ 5,  6,  7,  8,  9],

       [10, 11, 12, 13, 14],

       [15, 16, 17, 18, 19],

       [20, 21, 22, 23, 24]])

>>>

>>> diag(x)

array([ 0,  6, 12, 18, 24])

>>> diag([0,10]) array([[ 0, 0], [ 0, 10]])

numpy.random.multivariate_normal

Posted on June 19, 2012 - June 19, 2012 by margusja

Paari sõnaga enda jaoks numpy.random.multivariate_normal(mean, cov[, size]) kasutamisest.

Funktsiooni argumendid:

mean – nn keskmine kujul X,Y skaalal. Seab genereeritavale andmehulgale nn keskpunkti, mille ümber andmekogu genereeritakse.

Näiteks [0,0]

[30,10]

Parameeter cov (X,Y) [X = [X1,Y1], Y=[X2,Y2]] Kontrollivad genereeritava array nn pikkust ja laiust e shape

X1 ja X2 kontrollivd X suunal (horisontaalsuunal):

[[1,0],[0,0]]

Argument size – Genereeritavate elementide arv.

Taagid on vim puhul hämmastavad asjad. Oleme näinud samalaatset asja suurte, kallite ja tööjaama koormavate IDE’e puhul. Põhimõtteliselt on tegu süsteemiga, kus sa saad suvalises failis olles otsida ja liikuda kiirelt, kas samas falis või mõnes teises failis oleva koha peale.

Kiire demo.

Loome kaks faili: fail.c ja fail2.c
fail1.c on sisuga:
void kala(void) { // sisu }


fail2.c on sisuga:



void maja(void) {

  // sisu

}


nüüd teeme ctags *.c
Avame faili vim fail1.c ja teeme :tag maja. Ja voila! Me oleme kenasti failis fail2 funktsiooni maja juures. Tehes nüüd :tag kala satume tagasi faili1 funktsiooni kala juurde.



	
		Posted in LinuxTagged vim




	
		Rauda tagumas
		
			Posted on March 4, 2012 - March 9, 2012 by margusja		

			


	
		Infotehnoloogiat poleks ilma raudvarata. Raud on vahel kallis, eriti pisikesed pudinad. Lahendueks on vajaliku rauajubina ise tegemine.

Plaan on valmis taguda temperatuuri ja niiskusandur, mis saadab andmed kodus asuvasse kesksesse vastuvõtjasse (wireless), mis omakorda saadav andmed internetti monitooringuserverisse. Alustasime Ulluga täna peale. Paar pilti ka lisaks. Kui kokku saab siis ka tehnilisi parameetred juurde
 
Trükiplaat (by dbweb design), raadio (RFM12B HopeRF wireless module –  868 MHz), mikorokontroller (Atmel ATmega328), temperatuuri- ja niiskuseandur (SHT11), resonaator(keraamiline) ja kaks kontentsaatorit sisendpinge silusmiseks,  kuna jubin hakkab istuma vooluvõrgus.
 












	


	
		Posted in IT, Linux	




	
		ERROR: Date::Manip unable to determine TimeZone.
		
			Posted on February 10, 2012 by margusja		

			


	
		CentOS release 6.2 (Final)
logwatch gave me:
ERROR: Date::Manip unable to determine TimeZone. Execute the following command in a shell prompt: perldoc Date::Manip The section titled TIMEZONES describes valid TimeZones and where they can be defined.
Temporary solution was in me case:
export DATE_MANIP=DM5
 
 
	


	
		Posted in Linux	




	
		Arduino esimesed sammud
		
			Posted on November 29, 2011 by margusja		

			


	
		Ma usun, et mul on nüüd tükiks ajaks ajaviitmist 🙂

	


	
		Posted in C, Linux, MacLeave a comment	




	
		Google search hints
		
			Posted on November 24, 2011 - November 24, 2011 by margusja		

			


	
		
Avatud directory listing – intitle:index.of?mp3 enigma (Otsitakse kataloogi mp3, milles sisaldusk string enigma)
Avatud directory listing – intitle:”index.of?mp3 enigma” Last modified (Otsitakse kataloogi mp3, milles sisaldusk string enigma, lisaks Last modified, mis on iseloomulik apache directory listing omadus)
Sarnased saidid lehega margus.roo.ee – related:margus.roo.ee
Seletus, sõnastik – define cpp

	


	
		Posted in LinuxLeave a comment	




	
				
			Posted on September 8, 2011 by margusja		

			


	
		Demostreerimaks mäluosa stack toimimist kasutame C koodi:



23:04:40 margusja@IRack> gdb func

GNU gdb 6.3.50-20050815 (Apple version gdb-1705) (Fri Jul  1 10:50:06 UTC 2011)

Copyright 2004 Free Software Foundation, Inc.

GDB is free software, covered by the GNU General Public License, and you are

welcome to change it and/or distribute copies of it under certain conditions.

Type "show copying" to see the conditions.

There is absolutely no warranty for GDB.  Type "show warranty" for details.

This GDB was configured as "x86_64-apple-darwin"...Reading symbols for shared libraries .. done

(gdb) list sum

1	#include 

2	#include 

3

4	int sum(int a, int b) {

5	  int c;

6

7	  c = a + b;

8	  return c;

9	}

10

(gdb) list main

6

7	  c = a + b;

8	  return c;

9	}

10

11	void main() {

12	  int a;

13	  int b;

14	  int c;

15

(gdb)

16	  // get a and b from user

17	  printf("Sisesta a:");

18	  scanf("%d", &a);

19	  printf("Sisesta b:");

20	  scanf("%d", &b);

21

22	  // do the job

23	  //c = a + b;

24	  c = sum(a, b);

25

(gdb)

26	  // print the answer to the user

27	  printf("%d + %d = %d\n", a, b, c);

28

29	}


Paneme paika vajalikud breakpointid:



(gdb)

Line number 30 out of range; func.c has 29 lines.

(gdb) b 15

Breakpoint 1 at 0x100000e34: file func.c, line 15.

(gdb) b 21

Breakpoint 2 at 0x100000e80: file func.c, line 21.

(gdb) b 6

Breakpoint 3 at 0x100000dfa: file func.c, line 6.

(gdb) b 25

Breakpoint 4 at 0x100000e94: file func.c, line 25.



Lisaks reaalsetele numbritele paistavad siin kenasti mäluaadressid, kuhu meie kood on paigutatud. Saamaks täieliku ülevaadet tõlgime koodi (tegelikult on meie kood tõlgitud) algkujule (disassemble):



(gdb) disassemble sum

Dump of assembler code for function sum:

0x0000000100000df0 :	push   %rbp

0x0000000100000df1 :	mov    %rsp,%rbp

0x0000000100000df4 :	mov    %edi,-0x4(%rbp)

0x0000000100000df7 :	mov    %esi,-0x8(%rbp)

0x0000000100000dfa :	mov    -0x4(%rbp),%eax

0x0000000100000dfd :	mov    -0x8(%rbp),%ecx

0x0000000100000e00 :	add    %ecx,%eax

0x0000000100000e02 :	mov    %eax,-0x14(%rbp)

0x0000000100000e05 :	mov    -0x14(%rbp),%eax

0x0000000100000e08 :	mov    %eax,-0x10(%rbp)

0x0000000100000e0b :	mov    -0x10(%rbp),%eax

0x0000000100000e0e :	mov    %eax,-0xc(%rbp)

0x0000000100000e11 :	mov    -0xc(%rbp),%eax

0x0000000100000e14 :	pop    %rbp

0x0000000100000e15 :	retq

End of assembler dump.

(gdb) disassemble main

Dump of assembler code for function main:

0x0000000100000e20 :	push   %rbp

0x0000000100000e21 :	mov    %rsp,%rbp

0x0000000100000e24 :	sub    $0x10,%rsp

0x0000000100000e28 :	xor    %al,%al

0x0000000100000e2a :	lea    0xdb(%rip),%rcx        # 0x100000f0c

0x0000000100000e31 :	mov    %rcx,%rdi

0x0000000100000e34 :	callq  0x100000ed0 

0x0000000100000e39 :	lea    -0x4(%rbp),%rcx

0x0000000100000e3d :	xor    %dl,%dl

0x0000000100000e3f :	lea    0xd1(%rip),%rsi        # 0x100000f17

0x0000000100000e46 :	mov    %rsi,%rdi

0x0000000100000e49 :	mov    %rcx,%rsi

0x0000000100000e4c :	mov    %dl,%al

0x0000000100000e4e :	callq  0x100000ed6 

0x0000000100000e53 :	xor    %cl,%cl

0x0000000100000e55 :	lea    0xbe(%rip),%rdx        # 0x100000f1a

0x0000000100000e5c :	mov    %rdx,%rdi

0x0000000100000e5f :	mov    %cl,%al

0x0000000100000e61 :	callq  0x100000ed0 

0x0000000100000e66 :	lea    -0x8(%rbp),%rcx

0x0000000100000e6a :	xor    %dl,%dl

0x0000000100000e6c :	lea    0xa4(%rip),%rsi        # 0x100000f17

0x0000000100000e73 :	mov    %rsi,%rdi

0x0000000100000e76 :	mov    %rcx,%rsi

0x0000000100000e79 :	mov    %dl,%al

0x0000000100000e7b :	callq  0x100000ed6 

0x0000000100000e80 :	mov    -0x8(%rbp),%eax

0x0000000100000e83 :	mov    -0x4(%rbp),%ecx

0x0000000100000e86 :	mov    %ecx,%edi

0x0000000100000e88 :	mov    %eax,%esi

0x0000000100000e8a :	callq  0x100000df0 

0x0000000100000e8f :	mov    %eax,%edi

0x0000000100000e91 :	mov    %edi,-0xc(%rbp)

0x0000000100000e94 :	mov    -0x8(%rbp),%edi

0x0000000100000e97 :	mov    -0x4(%rbp),%r8d

0x0000000100000e9b :	mov    -0xc(%rbp),%r9d

0x0000000100000e9f :	xor    %r10b,%r10b

0x0000000100000ea2 :	lea    0x7c(%rip),%r11        # 0x100000f25

0x0000000100000ea9 :	mov    %edi,-0x10(%rbp)

0x0000000100000eac :	mov    %r11,%rdi

0x0000000100000eaf :	mov    %r8d,%esi

0x0000000100000eb2 :	mov    -0x10(%rbp),%r8d

0x0000000100000eb6 :	mov    %r8d,%edx

0x0000000100000eb9 :	mov    %r9d,%ecx

0x0000000100000ebc :	mov    %r10b,%al

0x0000000100000ebf :	callq  0x100000ed0 

0x0000000100000ec4 :	add    $0x10,%rsp

0x0000000100000ec8 :	pop    %rbp

0x0000000100000ec9 :	retq

End of assembler dump.

(gdb)


Paneme ajama:



(gdb) r

Starting program: /Users/margusja/Documents/c/func

Reading symbols for shared libraries +........................ done

Breakpoint 1, main () at func.c:17

17	  printf("Sisesta a:");

(gdb)


Uurime main funktsiooni stacki sisu:



(gdb) info stack

#0  main () at func.c:17

(gdb)



Siin pole veel midagi huvitavat, paneme edasi:



(gdb) c

Continuing.

Sisesta a:21

Sisesta b:12

Breakpoint 2, main () at func.c:24

24	  c = sum(a, b);

(gdb)



Vaatame ringi:



(gdb) info locals

a = 21

b = 12

c = 0

(gdb) info stack

#0  main () at func.c:24



Meil on main funksiooni sisesed (local) muutujad a ja b, mis on väärtustatud vastavalt 21 ja 12, funktsiooni main stack on tühi:



(gdb) info frame

Stack level 0, frame at 0x7fff5fbff710:

 rip = 0x100000e80 in main (func.c:24); saved rip 0x100000de4

 source language c.

 Arglist at 0x7fff5fbff708, args:

 Locals at 0x7fff5fbff708, Previous frame's sp is 0x7fff5fbff710

 Saved registers:

  rbp at 0x7fff5fbff700, rip at 0x7fff5fbff708

(gdb)



Stack level 0, frame at 0x7fff5fbff710
Laseme edasi:



(gdb) c

Continuing.

Breakpoint 3, sum (a=21, b=12) at func.c:7

7	  c = a + b;

(gdb)

Siit on näha, et nüüd oleme funktsiooni sum sees func.c:7



(gdb) disassemble sum

Dump of assembler code for function sum:

0x0000000100000df0 :	push   %rbp

0x0000000100000df1 :	mov    %rsp,%rbp

0x0000000100000df4 :	mov    %edi,-0x4(%rbp)

0x0000000100000df7 :	mov    %esi,-0x8(%rbp)

0x0000000100000dfa :	mov    -0x4(%rbp),%eax

0x0000000100000dfd :	mov    -0x8(%rbp),%ecx

0x0000000100000e00 :	add    %ecx,%eax

0x0000000100000e02 :	mov    %eax,-0x14(%rbp)

0x0000000100000e05 :	mov    -0x14(%rbp),%eax

0x0000000100000e08 :	mov    %eax,-0x10(%rbp)

0x0000000100000e0b :	mov    -0x10(%rbp),%eax

0x0000000100000e0e :	mov    %eax,-0xc(%rbp)

0x0000000100000e11 :	mov    -0xc(%rbp),%eax

0x0000000100000e14 :	pop    %rbp

0x0000000100000e15 :	retq

End of assembler dump.

(gdb)



Nüüd on palju huvitavam:



(gdb) info stack

#0  sum (a=21, b=12) at func.c:7

#1  0x0000000100000e8f in main () at func.c:24

(gdb) info frame

Stack level 0, frame at 0x7fff5fbff6f0:

 rip = 0x100000dfa in sum (func.c:7); saved rip 0x100000e8f

 called by frame at 0x7fff5fbff710

 source language c.

 Arglist at 0x7fff5fbff6e8, args: a=21, b=12

 Locals at 0x7fff5fbff6e8, Previous frame's sp is 0x7fff5fbff6f0

 Saved registers:

  rsi at 0x7fff5fbff6d8, rdi at 0x7fff5fbff6dc, rbp at 0x7fff5fbff6e0, rip at 0x7fff5fbff6e8

(gdb)



Suure pusimise peale, leian ka meie väärtused 21 ja 12 mälust:



(gdb) x/10c 0x7fff5fbff6f8

0x7fff5fbff6f8:	12 '\f'	0 '\0'	0 '\0'	0 '\0'	21 '\025'	0 '\0'	0 '\0'	0 '\0'


	


	
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		Minu 1. septembri kook
		
			Posted on September 1, 2011 - September 1, 2011 by margusja		

			


	
		Tulin koju, Varulla oli mulle sellise asja kokku seganud!

	


	
		Posted in Fun, LinuxLeave a comment	




	
		linux how to create read-only /tmp partation
		
			Posted on August 11, 2011 by margusja		

			


	
		# 100MB file for /tmp
dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/tmpMnt bs=1024 count=100000
# extended filesystem
mke2fs /dev/tmpMnt
# backup cp -p -r /tmp /home/backup/tmp
# mount with noexec
mount -o loop,noexec,nosuid,rw /dev/tmpMnt /tmp
chmod 0777 /tmp
# add to fstab so it can reboot
vi /etc/fstab
/dev/tmpMnt /tmp ext2 loop,noexec,nosuid,rw 0 0
# now nothing should run # bash: ./binary-program: Permission denied
	


	
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Category: Linux

numpy.diag

numpy.random.multivariate_normal

vim and tags

Rauda tagumas

ERROR: Date::Manip unable to determine TimeZone.

Arduino esimesed sammud

Google search hints

Minu 1. septembri kook

linux how to create read-only /tmp partation